Antimicrobial Resistance: A Rising Threat to Rwanda’s Public Health
Published by AMR Initiative Rwanda
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is posing a serious threat to public health in Rwanda. According to the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, in 2019 alone, an estimated 2,400 deaths in Rwanda were directly caused by drug-resistant infections, with an additional 9,800 deaths associated with these superbugs.
“Every action we take today shapes the future of medicine. We must raise awareness and protect antibiotics for generations to come.”
— Claude Mambo Muvunyi, Director General, Rwanda Biomedical Centre (RBC)
Understanding AMR
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines AMR as the ability of microorganisms—like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites—to survive exposure to antimicrobial medicines that previously killed or inhibited them. This renders essential treatments ineffective and allows infections to persist and spread, causing increased illness and death.
In Rwanda, misuse of antibiotics, including self-medication, incomplete treatments, and use for viral illnesses, has accelerated this problem. Studies show that commonly used antibiotics like amoxicillin are now ineffective in up to 80% of cases.
AMR Initiative Rwanda Leaders Speak Out
In a recent feature with The New Times (Rwanda), Richard Bishumba, our Board Chairperson, and Dr. Nadia Uwera, our General Secretary, highlighted the urgency of addressing AMR through a One Health approach.
🔗 Read the full New Times article
Bishumba emphasized that frequent, unprescribed antibiotic use strains the immune system and contributes to drug-resistant infections. “Misuse of antibiotics disrupts our natural microbiota and reduces the effectiveness of our immune responses,” he noted.
Dr. Uwera highlighted antibiotic misuse in agriculture, where farmers often self-prescribe antibiotics for animals. This leads to the transmission of resistant pathogens to humans via food and the environment. “Responsible use of antibiotics in animals and better public awareness are essential,” she said.
The Role of Young Health Professionals
In a related editorial, Bishumba called on young healthcare professionals to be on the frontlines of AMR advocacy. He stressed that youth have the creativity and influence needed to drive awareness campaigns, improve digital surveillance, and promote behavior change in communities.
📰 Read the editorial: Young Healthcare Professionals: A Frontline Force Against AMR
National Commitment and Strategic Action
On May 12, 2025, Rwanda launched the National Action Plan on AMR (2025–2029), reinforcing its long-term strategy to tackle AMR through cross-sectoral cooperation. The updated plan builds on the previous 2020–2024 version and focuses on:
- Public awareness and education
- Infection prevention and control (IPC)
- Responsible antimicrobial use
- Strengthened surveillance systems
- Laboratory capacity and research
- Policy governance and investment
These efforts are led by the ministries of health, agriculture, and environment, reflecting Rwanda’s dedication to the One Health model, which integrates human, animal, and environmental health solutions.
A Global and National Wake-Up Call
Globally, AMR caused 1.27 million deaths in 2019 and contributed to nearly 5 million more. Children under five are particularly affected. If unchecked, AMR could cost the world US$3.4 trillion in GDP losses by 2030, according to the World Bank.
Rwanda is taking action with support from partners including Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Pfizer, and the Infection Prevention and Control Rwanda Organisation (IPCR).
Join the Movement
AMR Initiative Rwanda continues to raise awareness and mobilize action across sectors. Each November, we participate in World AMR Awareness Week (WAAW). Throughout the year, we conduct campaigns, research, and community engagement activities.
Together, we can protect antibiotics, strengthen public health, and secure a healthier future.
